The topic library
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of product responsibility.
Browse the questions, evidence and relationships that shape a product-risk investigation.
Showing 91 to 105 of 142 topic guides
AI Integrator Product Liability
An AI integrator brings models, software, data and operational controls together.
Read guide92 / AI systems and product liabilityLearning Behaviour and Product Defectiveness
A product's ability to keep learning or acquire new features after supply is expressly relevant to defectiveness under Article 7 of Directive (EU) 2024/2853.
Read guide93 / AI systems and product liabilityAI Logs and Product Liability Evidence
AI logs can help establish which software ran, what information it received, what it produced and which actions followed.
Read guide94 / AI systems and product liabilityAI Model Updates and Product Liability
An AI model update can be relevant to product liability when it changes product safety and contributes to covered harm.
Read guide95 / AI systems and product liabilityAI Model vs AI System in Product Liability Analysis
An AI model and an AI system are different technical units, and an investigation should identify both before assigning product liability roles.
Read guide96 / AI systems and product liabilityAI Product Liability Investigation Checklist
An AI product liability investigation should identify the product, legal framework, alleged safety defect, harm, causal pathway and potentially responsible actors.
Read guide97 / AI systems and product liabilityAI Provider vs Application Developer Liability
An AI provider and an application developer may supply different parts of the same product, but neither description alone decides product liability.
Read guide98 / AI systems and product liabilityAI Safety Testing as Liability Evidence
AI safety testing can help show how a product behaved, which risks were considered and whether the alleged failure was foreseeable or reproducible.
Read guide99 / AI systems and product liabilityCan an AI System Be a Defective Product?
An AI system can fall within a product liability framework when the relevant software qualifies as a product and does not provide the safety legally expected of it.
Read guide100 / AI systems and product liabilityProduct Liability Directive vs EU AI Act
Directive (EU) 2024/2853 and Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 address different legal questions.
Read guide101 / AI systems and product liabilityAI Software Supplied as a Standalone Product
AI software can be relevant to product liability even when supplied without a physical device.
Read guide102 / AI systems and product liabilityUnexpected AI Output and Product Liability
An unexpected AI output can be important evidence, but it does not by itself establish a defective product or legal liability.
Read guide103 / AI systems and product liabilityWho Can Be Liable for Defective AI?
Potential responsibility for defective AI depends on the applicable liability regime and the role each business performed.
Read guide104 / Software product liabilityCommercial Software and Product Liability
Commercial software supply can occur without a licence fee. Price, open-source licensing, contractual terms and business use address different scope, actor and damage questions under the EU framework.
Read guide105 / Software product liabilityEmbedded Software and Product Liability
Embedded code can affect the safety of a finished product. The investigation combines software, hardware and integration evidence and distinguishes component suppliers from the finished-product manufacturer.
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